Chart 10

COMPARATIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATING

1. Geisler and Holden, Popular Handbook of Archaeology and the Bible, 191–92.
2. William G. Dever et al., “Palestine, Archaeology of,” ed. David Noel Freedman et al., Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1996), 5:99–119.
3. Collins et al., “Tall el-Hammam, Season Eight, 2013,” 12–13.
4. Price, The Stones Cry Out, 350–51.
5. “The transition between EB II and EB III is not as clearly connected to Egyptian chronology due to the cessation of trade connections between the regions from the 2nd Dynasty onwards. Thus, the traditional correlation of later EB II with the 2nd Dynasty, or even the 3rd Dynasty, is based on virtually no material evidence.” Regev et al., “Chronology of the Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant: New Analysis for a High Chronology,” 526.
6. “EB III is traditionally defined as coinciding with [Egyptian] dynasties 3–6. These correlations, however, have no secure material basis. The end of the period is conventionally placed around 2300 BC, during the reign of Pharaoh Pepi I, when there is evidence of Egyptian military intervention along the southern Coastal Plain of Israel. The date of Pepi’s reign, however, is disputed and could be somewhat earlier.” Ibid., 527.
7. The end of EB III is given as 2350 BC in the Anchor Bible Dictionary (William G. Dever et al., “Palestine, Archaeology of,” ed. David Noel Freedman et al., Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1996), 5:110), 2200 BC in the New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land (Edited by Ephraim Stern, Ayelet Levinson-Gilboa, and Joseph Aviram, 4 vols. (New York, N.Y.: MacMillan, 1993), 4:1529), and 2300 BC in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (Edited by Eric M. Meyers, 5 vols. (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1997), 413).
8. According to Dever this was “Albright’s ‘Middle Bronze I,’ Kenyon’s ‘Intermediate EB–MB’” William G. Dever et al., “Palestine, Archaeology of,” ed. David Noel Freedman et al., Anchor Bible Dictionar (New York, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1996), 5:111.
9. 2350-2200 BC IB1, formerly EB IV. 2200-1950 IB2, formerly MB I.
10. Formerly MB IIA
11. Formerly MB II B-C