This work will conform to the abbreviations
and general format conventions set out by The SBL
Handbook of Style: for Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical and
Early Christian Studies by Patrick H. Alexander,
et al. eds. second printing (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 2002)
for general literary conventions, Bible translations, biblical
books, Dead Sea scrolls, pseudepigraphical, early patristic
books, targumic material, Mishnah, Talmud, other Rabbinic
works, Nag Hammadi
tractates, commonly used periodicals, reference works and
serials. Unless otherwise indicated the references to the works
of ancient sources reflect the Loeb Classical Library numbering
system and Latin abbreviations. Note that there are several
spelling variations for most sites especially as used by early
explorers, since they spell the Arabic words as they sound.
Gen
Genesis
Exod
Exodus
Lev
Leviticus
Num
Numbers
Deut
Deuteronomy
Judg
Judges
Josh
Joshua
1–2 Sam
1–2 Samuel
1–2 Kgs
1–2 Kings
1–2 Chr
1–2 Chronicles
Neh
Nehemiah
Esth
Esther
Job
Job
Ps/Pss
Psalms
Prov
Proverbs
Eccl
Ecclesiastes
Isa
Isaiah
Jer
Jeremiah
Lam
Lamentations
Ezek
Ezekiel
Dan
Daniel
Obad
Obadiah
Jonah
Jonah
Mic
Micah
Nah
Nahum
Hab
Habakkuk
Zeph
Zephaniah
Mal
Malachi
Matt
Matthew
Rom
Romans
1–2 Cor
1–2 Corinthians
Gal
Galatians
Eph
Ephesians
Phil
Philippians
Col
Colossians
1–2 Thess
1–2 Thessalonians
1–2 Tim
1–2 Timothy
Phlm
Philemon
Heb
Hebrews
Jas
James
1–2 Pet
1–2 Peter
1–2–3 John
1–2–3 John
Rev
Revelation
1–2 Macc 1–2
Maccabees
Sir
Sirach/Ecclesiasticus
Wis
Wisdom of Solomon
1 En.
1 Enoch (Ethiopic
Apocalypse)
2 Bar.
2 Baruch (Syriac
Apocalypse)
3 Bar.
3 Baruch (Greek
Apocalypse)
3 En.
3 Enoch (Hebrew
Apocalypse)
3 Macc.
3 Maccabees
4 Macc.
4 Maccabees
Apoc. El.
Apocalypse of Elijah
Apoc. Mos. Apocalypse
of Moses
As.
Mos.
Assumption
of
Moses
Ascen. Isa. Martyrdom
and Ascension of Isaiah 6–11
Ep. Arist. The Letter of Aristeas
Jub.
Jubilees ca. 200–150 BC
Odes Sol.
Odes of Solomon
Sib. Or.
Sibylline Oracles
T. Jud.
Testament of Judah
T. Levi
Testament of Levi
11Q5
Psalms, 11QPsa Sanders, The Psalms Scroll of Qumran Cave
11. DJD 4. (1965).
1QapGen Excavated
frags. from cave col. XXI
(frag. pulled from side of scroll).
1QH
Hodayoth
or Thanksgiving Hymns
from Qumran Cave 1. Sukenik, The Dead Sea Scrolls of the Hebrew
University (1955), pls. XXXV–LVIII.
1QIsaa
The
Great Isaiah Scroll. Kutscher,
The Language and Linguistic
Background of the Isaiah Scroll: I QIsaa.
(1974).
1QIsab
Isaiahb
Scroll. Kutscher, The Language and Linguistic
Background of the Isaiah Scroll: I QIsaa.
(1974).
IQIsad
Isaiahd Scroll. Kutscher, The Language and Linguistic
Background of the Isaiah Scroll: I QIsaa. (1974).
1QS
Serek
ha-Yahad or Rule of the Community, Manual of
Discipline, Trever, Scrolls from Qumran Cave I (1974).
4Q175
4QTest; Testimonia from Qumran
Cave 4
4Q186
Horoscope,
Allegro, Qumran Cave 4.I, DJD
5 (1968), pl. XXXI.
4QIsad
Isaiahd
Scroll.
Kutscher, The Language and Linguistic
Background of the Isaiah Scroll: I QIsaa.
(1974).
5Q12
Cairo Damascus Document,
(Genizah text), Covenant of Damascus. Baillet, Milik, and
de Vaux, eds. Les “petites grottes” de Qumrân. DJD
3.
(1962), pl. XXXVIII.
DSS
Dead SeaScrolls
FrgPol.
Fragments on Polycarp
Herm.
Shepherd of Hermas
Ign.
Phld. Ignatius of
Antioch, To
the Philadelphians
Mart. Pol. Martyrdom
of Polycarp
Sim.
Shepherd of Hermas, Similitude
Herm. Vis. Shepherd Hermas,
Vision
Vis.
Shepherd of Hermas, Vision
Abr.
Philo, De Abrahamo, A Treatise on the
Life of the Wise Man Made Perfect by Instruction
or, On the Unwritten Law, That Is To Say, On
Abraham, LCL 289
Ag. Ap.
Josephus, Contra Apionem, Against Apion, LCL
186
Ann.
Tacitus, Annales, Annals, LCL 249, 312,
322
Ant.
Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae, Jewish
Antiquities, LCL 242, 281,
365, 410, 433, 456, 489
Att.
Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, Letters to
Atticus, LCL
7
b.
(before rabb. txt.) Babylonian Talmud,
Rodkinson, ed. New Edition of the Babylonian
Talmud: Original Text (1918)
b. Qidd.
Babylonian Talmud tractate Qiddušin, Qiddushin
b. Sem.
Babylonian
Talmud tractate Semahot, Semaÿot or Ebel Rabbati, Great Mouning, Zlotnick
(1966)
b. Yoma
Babylonian Talmud tractate Yoma (= Kippurim)
b.ʿErub.
Babylonian Talmud tractate,
ʿErubin, Eruvin
Chron.
Pamphilus Eusebius, Chronicon, Chronicle, Fotheringham,
ed. The Bodleian Manuscript of
Jerome’s Version of the Chronicles of Eusebius (2012)
Claud.
Suetonius, Divus Claudius, The Deified Claudius, LCL
38
Comm. Apoc. Victorinus
of Pettau, Commentary on the Apocalypse, Weinrich (2012); ANF 7
Comm. Matt. Origen
of
Alexandria, Commentary on Matthew, ANF 9
Com.
Theodoret, Haereticarum fabularum
compendium, Compendium of Heretical Accounts
NPNF2
Congr.
Philo, De congressueru ditionis gratia,
On Mating with the Preliminary Studies
LCL
261
Cor.
Demosthenes, De corona, On the Crown, LCL
155
Ctes.
Aeschines, In Ctesiphonem, Against
Ctesiphon, LCL 106
Dom.
Suetonius, Domitianus, Domitian, LCL 38
DSS
Dead Sea Scrolls
Ep.
Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, Letters, LCL 59
Fam.
Cicero, Epistulae ad familiares, Letters
to Friends, LCL 230
Flac.
Cicero, Pro Flacco, Valerius Flaccus, In
Defense of Lucius, LCL 324
Geogr.
Strabo, Geographica, Geography, LCL
211,
223
Good Person Philo,
Quod omnis probus liber sit, That
Every Good Man Is Free LCL
363
Haer.
Irenaeus, Adversus haereses, Against
Heresies, ANF 1
Hell.
Xenophon, Hellenica, Hellenic Writings, LCL
88
Hist.
Herodotus, Historiae, The Histories of
the Persian Wars, LCL
117, 119, 120
Hist.
Polybius, Historiae, The Histories or The
Rise of the Roman Empire, LCL
161
Hist. eccl.
Pamphilus Eusebius, Historia ecclesiastica,
Ecclesiastical History, NPNF2; LCL
153, 265
Hist. Rom. Dio
Cassius, Historia Romana, Roman History, LCL 175, 176
Hypoth.
Philo, Hypothetica, Hypothetical
Discourse. Under
Fragments of Lost Works. Yonge (2007)
I. Eph.
Inscriptions of Ephesus, Wankel,
ed. Die Inschriften von Ephesos. 8 vols.
(1979)
Il.
Homer, Iliad, LCL 171
J.W.
Josephus, Bellum judaicum, Jewish War, LCL
203,
210, 487
Laps.
Cyprian, De lapsis, Concerning the Lapsed,
ANF 5
Legat.
Philo, Legatio ad Gaium, On the Embassy
to Gaius, Yonge,
trans. The Works of Philo
(2007); LCL 379
Luct.
Lucian, De luctu, Funerals, LCL
162
m.
The Mishnah (ed.
Eugene J. Lipman)
m. Sanh.
Mishnah tractate Sanhedrin
Mart. Pionii Martyrdom
of Pionius, The Acts of the Christian Martyrs,
Musurillo, ed. (1972)
Merc. cond. Lucian
of Samosata, De mercede conductis, Salaried
Posts in Great Houses, LCL
130
Metam.
Apuleius, Metamorphoses, The Golden Ass, LCL 453
Metam.
Ovid, Metamorphoses, LCL
42
Mid.
Talmud tractate, Middot
Midr.
Rabbinic writing, Midrash
Mos.
Philo, De vita Mosis I, II, On the Life
of Moses 1, 2, Trans.
Yonge,
The Works of Philo, LCL 289
Nat.
Pliny the Elder, Naturalis historia, Natural
History, LCL 330, 352,
370, 394, 418, 419
On.
Eusebius, Onomasticon, On the Place-Names in
the Holy Scripture, Freeman-Grenville,
and Taylor, eds. (2003) or Trans. Wolf
Orat.
Aristides, Orations, Behr
trans.
(1981)
P.Mich.
Michigan Papyri,
Libellus of the Decian Persecution, Knipfing,
trans. (1923)
P.Oxy.
Oxyrhynchus
Papyri, Grenfell
and Hunt, trans. 75 vols. (2009)
Paed.
Clement of Alexandria, Paedagogus, Christ the Educator,
ANF
Pan.
Epiphanius of Salamis, Panarion (Adversus haereses),
Refutation of All Heresies, Williams,
trans. (1993)
Phil.
Cicero, Orationes philippicae, Consisting
of 14 tirades against Mark Anthony (Antonian Orations), LCL
507
Praep. Ev.
Eusebius, Praeparatio evangelica,
Preparation for the Gospel. Gifford (1981).
Praescr.
Tertullian, De praescriptione haereticorum,
Prescription
against Heretics, ANF 3
Prob.
Philo, Quod omnis probus liber sit, Good
Person That Every Good Person is Free, LCL
363
Rab.
Rabbah,
rabbinic writing usually on one of the books of the
Pentateuch (i.e., Genesis
Rabbah)
Rhod.
Dio
Chrysostom, Rhodiaca (Or. 31), To the People of Rhodes,
LCL 358
Siege
Aeneas Tacticus, Aeneas
Tacticus, Asclepiodotus, and
Onasander. LCL 156
Sifra
Sipra, The Halakic Midrash to Leviticus,
Finkelstein
Silv.
Statius, Silvae, LCL 206
Somn. 1, 2 Philo, De somniis I, II, On Dreams 1 and
2. LCL 275
Strom.
Clement
of Alexandria, Stromata, Miscellanies or
Patchwork, ANF 2,
ANF 1
t.
The
Talmudic
tractates of the Tosefta, Goldwurm
and
Scherman, eds. Talmud.
73
vols. Schottenstein Edition ( 1990)
Thuc.
Dionysius
of Halicarnassus, De Thucydide, On the Character of
Thucydides, LCL
465
Top.
Theodosius, De Situ Terrae Sanctae or
Topografia, Topography of the Holy Land (ed.
Wilkinson, 2002)
Vir. ill.
Jerome, De viris illustribus, On
Illustrious Men, Halton, ed. (1999)
Vit. Apoll. Flavius
Philostratus,
De Vita Apollonii, Life of Apollonius of Tyana, LCL
16, 17
Vita
Josephus, Vita, The
Life, LCL
186
§
section
AASOR The
Annual
of the American Schools of Oriental Research
AB
The Anchor Bible
abbr.
abbreviation
ABD
The Anchor Yale
Bible Dictionary (eds.
Freedman et al., 1996)
ADAJ
Annual of the Department of Antiquities of
Jordan
AEHL
The Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land (Negev,
3rd ed. 1996)
AF
Apostolic Fathers
AJA
American Journal of Archaeology
ANE
ancient Near East
ANET
The Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old
Testament (ed.
Pritchard, 1969)
ANEVT
ancient Near Eastern vassal treaties (treaty)
ANF
The Ante-Nicene Fathers (eds.
Roberts et al., 10 vols, 1994)
ANRW Aufstieg
und
Niedergang der römischen Welt:Geschichte und Kultur Roms im
Spiegel der neueren Forschung (ed. Haase and
Temporini)
AS
Anatolian Studies
AUSS
Andrews University Seminary Studies
BA
The Biblical Archaeologist
BAR
Biblical Archaeology Review
BASOR
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
BDAG
Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and
Other Early Christian Literature. (eds. Bauer,
Danker, Arndt, and Gingrich)
BDB
A Hebrew and
English Lexicon of the Old Testament (Briggs,
Driver, and Brown, 1907)
BeD
Bâb
edh-Dhrâʿ
BJRL
Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of
Manchester
BJS
Brown Judaic Studies
BN
Biblische Notizen
BRB
Biblical Research
Bulletin
BS
Bible and Spade
BSac
Bibliotheca sacra
Byz.
Byzantine
BZAW
Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche
Wissenschaft
ca.
Lat. circa, “around,
about.”
CE
The Catholic
Encyclopedia (eds. Pallen, Herbermann, and Pace,
19 vols. 1913).
cent.
century
ch.
chapter (s)
CIJ
Corpus inscriptionum judaricarum (Frey,
vol.
3, 1936)
CNG
Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. www.cngcoins.com
CSNTM
The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts
DBib
Dictionary of the
Bible (eds. Hastings and Selbie, 1 vol. 1909)
DBib5
A Dictionary of the Bible: Dealing with Its Language,
Literature and Contents Including the Biblical Theology
(eds. Hastings and Selbie, 5 vols. 1911)
DJD
Discoveries in the Judaean Desert
DJG
Dictionary of
Jesus and the Gospels (eds. Green, McKnight, and
Marshall, 1992)
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNTB
Dictionary of New Testament Background: A Compendium of
Contemporary Biblical Scholarship (eds.
Evans and Porter, 2000)
DOA
Department of Antiquities (Jordan
e.g.
exempli gratia,
for example
EAEHL Encyclopedia
of
Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land (eds,
Avi-Yonah and Stern, 3rd ed., 4 vols. 1996)
EB
Early Bronze
EBA
Early Bronze Age
EBC
The Expositor’s Bible Commentary
ed(s).
editor(s), edited by
EDB
Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible (eds., Freedman, Myers, and Beck, 2000)
EDSP
Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain
EDT
Evangelical Dictionary of Theology (ed. Elwell, 2001)
EJ
Encyclopedia
Judaica (eds., Berenbaum and Skolnik, 2nd
ed., 22 vols., 2006)
ESV
English Standard Version
et al.
et alii, and
others
etc.
et cetera, and the rest
ExpTim
The Expository Times
Fr.
French
ft.
feet
Ger.
German
Gr.
Greek
GPS
Global Positioning System
GPR
Ground Pentrating Radar
GTCEC
The Greek Testament: A Critical and Exegetical Commentary
Heb.
Hebrew
HTR
Harvard Theological Review
IAA
Israel Antiquities Authority
i.e.
id est, that is
IEJ
Israel Exploration Journal
IGRom
Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas
Pertinentes. 4 vols. (eds. Lafaye, and Cagnat,
1901)
Int
Interpretation
ISBE2
The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (ed.,
Bromiley, 4 vols., 1995).
JBL
Journal of Biblical Literature
JE
The Jewish
Encyclopedia (ed. Singer. 12 vols. 1906)
JEA
The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
JETS
Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
JRS
The Journal of Roman Studies
JSOT
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
JTS
Journal of Theological Studies
Kh.
Khirbet
KJV
King James Version
km
kilometer
Lat.
Latin
LB
Late Bronze
LBA
Late Bronze Age
LCL
Loeb Classical Library
loc.
cit.
loco citato, in the place cited
LXX
The Septuagint (the Greek OT)
m
meter
MB
Middle Bronze
MBA
Middle Bronze Age
MNTC
The Moffatt New Testament Commentary
MT
Masoretic Text
NBD
New Bible Dictionary
(eds., Marshall et al., 3rd ed., 1996)
NDT
New Dictionary of Theology (eds. Wright, and
Ferguson, 1988)
NEA
Near Eastern Archaeology
NEAEHL The New Encyclopedia
of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land
(eds., Stern, Levinson-Gilboa, and Aviram, 4 vols., 1993)
NIDBA The New International Dictionary of Biblical
Archaeology (eds.,
Blaiklock and Harrison, 1983)
NIGTC
New International Greek Testament Commentary
NIV
New International Version
NovT
Novum Testamentum
NPNF
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II (eds.,
Roberts et al., 14 vols., 1994)
NST
northern Sodom theory
NTC
New Testament Commentary
NTOA
Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus
NTS
New Testament Studies
NumC
Numismatic Chronicle
OEANE The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the
Near East (ed., Meyers, 5 vols., 1997)
OGIS
Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae,
Supplementum Sylloges Inscriptionum Graecarum (eds.,
Dittenberger
et al., 4 vols., 1915)
OIM
Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago
op.
cit.
opere citato,
in the work cited
P
papyrus
PD
Public Domain
PECS
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites
(eds., Stillwell,
MacDonald, and McAllister, 1976)
PEF
Palestine Exploration Fund
PEFSt
Palestine Exploration Fund: Quarterly Statement
PEQ
Palestine Exploration Quarterly
pls.
plates
P.Oxy.
Oxyrhynchus
Papyri
rabb.
rabbinic
RB
Revue Biblique
RevExp
Review and Expositor
sic
“so, thus, in this manner” meaning the error was in the
original
SST
southern Sodom theory
SUNT
Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen Testaments
TAD
Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi
TB
Tyndale Bulletin
TDNT
Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
(eds., Kittel and Friedrich, 10 vols., 1985)
TeH
Tall el-Ḥammâm or Tall
al-Hammâm
TeHEP
Tall el-Ḥammâm Exploration
Project
Tg.
Targum
TWOT
Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament
(eds., Harris, Archer, Jr., and Waltke, 2 vols., 1980)
UF
Ugarit Forschungen
Vg.
Vulgate
VT
Vetus Testamentum
VTSup
Supplements to Vetus Testamentum
WBC
Word Biblical Commentary
WUNT
Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen Zum Neuen Testament
ZDPV
Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins
ZHB
Zondervan
Handbook
to the Bible (eds.,
Alexander
and Alexander, 1999)
ZNW
Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und
die Kunde der älteren Kirche
ZPE
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
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