Figure 83

Oil lamp fragments from the 2009 Tall el-Ḥammâm excavation

Left: The top section of a pear shaped oil lamp with tongue handle that dates to the Umayyad period, 8th to 11th century AD.  

Right: Byzantine slipper oil lamp fragment with Greek letters that represent “The Light of Christ Shines for All” (φως χριστού φένιπασιν, phōs christou Phenipasin) dating to the 5th to 8th century AD.

Both excavated at Tall el-Hammam in 2009. 

see David E. Graves and D. Scott Stripling, “Re-Examination of the Location for the Ancient City of Livias,” Levant 43, no. 2 (2011): 178–200 for research, sources and footnotes.

David E. Graves, The Archaeology of the New Testament: 75 Discoveries That Support the Reliability of the Bible (Moncton, NB: Electronic Christian Media, 2019), page 83-84.

For all books by Dr. David E. Graves