A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
a priori 67abecedary 68, 175, 176
Abel-Shittim 145, 146
Abila 195
Abimelech 120
Abraham 51, 58, 61, 62, 64, 70, 84, 92, 109, 110, 118, 119, 120, 121, 129, 136, 153, 154, 191, 216, 218, 282, 283, 284, 290
Absalom’s Tomb 185, 186
absolute dating 48
Achaea 215, 216, 267
acropolis 242, 245, 246, 274, 279, 286
Acrostic Psalm 89
AD, definition 44
Adam and Eve 108, 109, 111
Admah 121
adoption 120
adultery 244, 245, 277
Aegean 225, 238
Aegyptiaka 46, 62, 266
Aelia Eudocia 196
Aeschines 241
Agabus 267
agriculture 71, 108
Ahab 87, 158, 162, 173, 179
Aharoni, Yohanan 71, 76, 160, 177, 284
Ahaz Bulla 159
Ahaz, King of Judah 64, 65, 159
Ahaziah 158
Ai 69, 72, 121, 122, 123, 134, 137, 141, 148, 153, 154, 155, 196
Akkad 124
Akkadian 39, 83, 84, 85, 98, 117, 119, 156, 287
Al Khazneh (The Treasury) 186
al-Aqsa Mosque 180
al-Bireh 122
Albright, William F. 43, 57, 58, 68, 73, 76, 86, 87, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127, 132, 146, 153, 162, 193, 264, 282, 283
Aleppo Codex 88, 91
Alexander the Great 92, 117, 263
Alexandria 82, 93, 231, 236, 245, 291
alphabet 36, 37, 83, 86, 87, 89, 93, 168, 172, 175, 286, 287
altar 116, 158, 170, 221, 238, 242, 274, 286
Altar of Zeus 223, 242
amanuensis 95
Amarna 116
Amenhotep II 139, 143, 154
Amenhotep III 143, 146
Amenophis II 139
Amman 72, 195
Ammonites 176
Amorgus 225
Amorites 282
Amos 121
Amphipolis 211, 214
amphora 286
ancient Near East 63, 116
antediluvian 109, 110
anthropology 56, 67
Antioch of Pisidia 209, 213, 267
Antioch, Orontes 210, 236, 237
Antiochus II 250
Antiochus III 246, 279
Antiochus IV Epiphanes 180
antiquarians 35
antiquity, quotes from 58, 115, 116, 212, 215, 234
Antonia Fortress 206
apiary 174
Apocalypse 101, 224, 225, 227, 229, 234, 244, 247, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 281
Apocalypse of Elijah 271
Apocalypse of Moses 271
Apocrypha 101, 286
Apocrypha, Syriac 225
Apollo 215, 244, 277
apostles 100, 224, 225, 267
Apotheosis 232
Apuleius 241
Aqaba church 221
Aqaba, Gulf of 145
aqueduct 43, 75, 286
Aquila 94, 236
Arab 60, 73, 209, 210, 263, 286, 292
Arabia 124, 267
Arabic 41, 73, 78, 83, 102, 116, 126, 287, 289, 292, 293
Aramaic 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94, 97, 98, 99, 121, 126, 148, 162, 203, 204, 288, 291, 292
Aramean 92
Arch of Titus 208
archaeology, a monologue 67
archaeology, biblical 62
archaeology, characteristics 55
archaeology, definition 34
archaeology, exact science 67
archaeology, excavation methods 72
archaeology, fallacies 66
archaeology, limitations 59
archaeology, Near-Eastern 62
archaeology, negative proof 69
archaeology, organized vandalism 55
archaeology, role 56
architect 55, 67
archive 57
Aretas, king 51, 267
Aristides 241
Ark of the Covenant 96
ark, Noah’s 111, 115
Artaxerxes 161
Artemis, cult of 223, 227, 234, 237, 238, 245, 270
Artemis, temple of 227, 237, 245, 270
Artemision 237, 238, 271
artifact(s) 35, 42, 43, 48, 49, 52, 67, 75, 76, 78, 178, 180, 181, 228, 248, 252, 286, 288, 289, 291, 292
Ascension of Isaiah 241
Asclepius 242, 274, 275, 276
ash 131
Ashkelon 59, 135, 142, 143, 168
Ashurnasirpal 38
Asia Minor 209, 224, 229, 233, 235, 236, 239, 242, 243, 251, 271, 272, 274, 275, 276
Asia, first of 239
Asiatic 39, 138, 139, 178, 251, 269, 288
assemblage 286
Associates for Biblical Research 70, 81, 144, 145, 196
assumptions 33, 66
Assyrian 83, 88
Athena 242
Athens 185, 211, 212, 213, 219, 267
atonement 57
Atrahasis Epic 39, 107, 108, 114, 116
Attaleia 210
Augustus 49, 184, 187, 194, 216, 231, 233, 234, 241, 243, 274
Aurelius, Marcus 231
Avaris 46, 137, 138, 139, 266
Avi-Yonah, Michael 76, 122, 153, 192, 196
Azekah Inscription 159
B
Baal 244, 278Bâb edh-Dhrâʿ 60, 127, 128, 129, 136, 282, 283
Babatha, Papyri 203
Babel, tower of 107, 108, 117, 118, 119
Babylon 39, 110, 116, 117, 124, 160
Babylonian 35, 39, 62, 73, 83, 87, 90, 91, 108, 110, 114, 115, 116, 117, 160, 161, 262, 291, 292
Babylonian captivity 117
Babylonian Chronicles 160
Babylonian Exile 87
Backham, Richard 202
Baghdad 39, 119
Balaam 235, 276, 277
Balaam Inscription 158
Balshazzar 160
ban (herem) 85, 148, 156
banking 250, 251, 281
baptism 190, 191, 279
Bar Kokhba 91, 126, 203
Barclay’s Gate 205
Barkay, Gabriel 160, 180, 181, 195
Barnabas 105, 212, 267
Baruch 61, 95, 101, 117, 160, 274, 291
Baruch Seal 160
basalt 286
basilica 221, 227, 286
Basilica of St. John 223
baulk 76, 77, 78, 80, 286, 291
Bayesian 49
BC, definition 44
bead 78
Bedouin 177, 183, 286
bee 238
beehives 174
Beersheva 54, 170
beheaded 267, 268
Behistun Relief 39, 161
Beitin 122, 154
Belzoni, Giovanni Battista 38
bema 208, 286
Ben Asher, Aharon 88, 91, 92
benchmark 75, 77, 78, 286
Ben-Hadad 158
Beni-Hasan mural 283
Ben-Tor, Amnon 154, 156, 164
Berea 267
Berlin Statue Pedestal Relief 141
Berosus 35
Beth-aven 155
Bethel 121, 122, 123, 134, 153, 154, 155, 196
Bethlehem 44, 49, 50, 160, 186, 187
Bethlehem Bulla 160
Beth-shean 173, 179
Beth-shemesh 170, 180
Bible Archaeology Search and Exploration Institute 113
Bible, Hebrew 34, 43, 61, 68, 71, 88, 92, 94, 98, 100, 114, 117, 137, 167, 176, 289, 292
Bible, The 83
bichrome 81, 150, 286
Bietak, Manfred 46, 138, 139
bioarchaeology 56
biographies 52
Birkeh Silwan 196, 197, 198
Birket el-Hamra 196, 197, 198
Birth of Christ 44
Bithynia 234, 241
Black Obelisk 39, 158, 179
blessing 235, 238, 240, 252
blind 251, 281
Bodmer Papyri 104
Boghaz-Köy Tablets 107
Book of Enoch 101, 103
book of life 248, 279
Book of the Cow of Heaven 140
Borsippa 117
botany 67, 76
Botta, Paul-Émile 38, 159
Bouchard, Pierre-François 161
bow 138, 289
brick 116, 117, 118, 151, 152, 289, 293
brimstone 124
British Museum 35, 36, 38, 44, 54, 59, 98, 118, 119, 135, 138, 139, 195, 214, 241
Bronze Age xxviii, 46, 47, 52, 53, 60, 62, 71, 107, 126, 127, 129, 131, 134, 135, 138, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 156, 178, 193, 262, 264, 282, 283
bucket 78
bull 245, 274
bulla(e) 64, 83, 166, 167, 180, 287
Bultmann, Rudolph 60
Burckhardt, Johan Ludwig 40
burned 38, 73, 104, 118, 148, 152, 153, 155, 156, 180, 289
Byzantine 54, 101, 126, 185, 195, 196, 198, 201, 212, 218, 263
C
Caesar, Julius 231Caesarea 210, 218
Caesarea Maritima 73, 82, 135, 184, 186, 218, 267, 268
Caesarea Philippi 185
Caiaphas Ossuary 183
Cairo 36, 40, 54, 104, 137
Cairo Geniza 91
Calcolithic 287
calendar 50
calibration 47, 48, 49
Caligula 51, 52, 267
camel 144
Canaan 46, 64, 68, 70, 73, 92, 134, 135, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 154, 155, 156, 164, 175, 176, 288
Canaanite 64, 86, 92, 135, 138, 141, 142, 147, 148, 156, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 282, 292
canon, the 287, 291
Capernaum 185, 208, 249
Carthage, Council of 231
casemate 170, 176, 287
cave(s) xxiv, 88, 89, 90, 113, 121, 189, 190, 199, 201, 227, 291
cemetery 60, 75, 118, 127, 128, 134, 139, 203, 291
Center for the Study of NT Manuscripts 102
centurion 219, 220
ceramic 43, 55, 76, 98, 131, 166, 168, 287, 290, 292
Chalcolithic 53, 130, 262, 264, 287
Chaldaika 62
Champollion, Jean-François 36, 37, 158
char 149
chariot 119, 138, 179, 289
Charlesworth, James H. 58, 88, 101, 184, 198
charnel houses 60
Chester Beatty Papyri 82, 103
Christ 111
Christmas 50
chronology 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 138, 164, 173, 178, 264, 282, 283
church 203, 217, 219, 224, 227, 229, 231, 235, 239, 240, 243, 244, 245, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 269, 270, 272, 277
Cicero 239, 241, 250, 251, 272
Cilicia 267
cistern 74, 190
Cities of the Plain 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 132, 187, 282
citizenship 248
Claudius 39, 52, 160, 184, 185, 212, 213, 215, 216, 225, 247, 267
clay tablets 119
Clement of Alexandria 50, 241
Clermont, Charles 40, 71, 125, 159, 206, 207
Clermont-Ganneau, Charles 71
Cline, Eric 127, 129
Coca-Cola 43
Code of Hammurabi 65
Codex 88, 92, 100, 103, 105, 227, 287
Codex Alexandrinus 82
Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus 91
Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis 105, 217
Codex Cairensis 91, 92
Codex Claromontanus 105
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus 82, 105
Codex Koridethi 105
Codex Leningradensis 91
Codex Orientales 91
Codex Purpureus Petropolitanus 227
Codex Sinaiticus 82, 100, 105, 106, 186
Codex Vaticanus 82, 105, 106
Codex Washingtonianus 105
coins 51, 56, 75, 78, 180, 192, 196, 197, 213, 220, 228, 238, 240, 244, 248, 270, 272, 277, 286, 288, 290, 292
coliseum 287
Collins, Steven 54, 56, 68, 71, 72, 73, 101, 112, 126, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 145, 146, 176, 190, 194, 264, 265, 273, 275, 276, 279, 283
Colossae 209, 211, 250
Conder, Claude R. 40
congregation 251
conquest 38, 53, 64, 70, 73, 81, 122, 135, 136, 140, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 167, 179, 192, 209, 262, 283
Copenhagen School, The 61
Copitc 83
copper 53, 108, 177, 178, 287
copper mine 176, 177
Copper Scrolls 91
coppersmith 230, 237, 243, 270
Coptic 37, 104, 287
Corinth 73, 185, 212, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 237, 267, 268
Corinthian captial 287
Cornuke, Robert 111, 113, 144
Cos 217
covenant 65, 144, 235, 252, 283, 287
creation 93, 108, 111, 116, 262
Crete 246
criminal 201
Crispus 215
cross 270
crown 240, 241, 272
crucifixion 201, 268
cultic priest 241
culture 50, 55, 75, 95, 96, 119, 120, 146, 147, 151, 152, 168, 173, 179, 181, 184, 240, 242, 243, 280, 283
cuneiform 39, 59, 83, 84, 97, 109, 119, 156, 287
cursive 83, 87, 287
Cybele 235
cylinder seal 98, 119
Cypriot 150, 166, 178, 286
Cyprus 52, 212, 213, 214, 217
Cyrus 120, 123, 161, 246, 279, 284
Cyrus Cylinder 161
D
Damascus 51, 120, 130, 145, 162, 210, 267, 293Damiqilishu 110
Darius 39, 161
date (plant) 56
dates 54, 63, 282, 283, 292
David, King 49, 53, 55, 59, 61, 86, 87, 126, 132, 133, 136, 140, 144, 145, 146, 150, 158, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 180, 181, 205
de Vaux, Roland 57, 184, 189
Dead Sea 51, 60, 62, 88, 89, 91, 98, 100, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 177, 178, 183, 184, 189, 191, 192, 202, 203, 205, 206, 288, 289, 291, 292
Dead Sea Scrolls 51, 62, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 96, 98, 100, 183, 184, 189, 190, 191, 192, 205, 288, 291, 292
Decapolis 51
Decian persecution 231, 232
Decius 231
deification of emperor 233
Delphi 215, 216
Demetrius of Phaleron 93
Demetrius the silversmith 237, 270
Demosthenes 241
Demotic 36, 37, 287
Demotic Chronicle 140
Department of Antiquities (DOA) 75, 151, 194
Derbe 209, 210
desert 100, 137, 146, 189, 203, 286, 288
desert glass 131
destruction 115, 118, 123, 129, 130, 131, 148, 152, 282, 292
Destruction of Mankind papyrus 135, 140, 141
deuterocanonical 94
Dever, William G. 34, 46, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 69, 70, 71, 73, 76, 136, 146, 148, 156, 264
Diana 237
Dio Cassius 216, 234
Dio Chrysostom 248
Diocletian 220, 221
Dion 211
Dionysius, of Halicarnassus 34, 200
Dionysus, city of 248
Dionysus, godess 242
DNA 56
dolmen 287
Domitian 224, 225, 233, 234, 277
donkey 144
donum 245
Donusa 225
Dor 76, 164, 179
Doric 287
Dothan 168, 179
dunam 287
Dura Europos church 221
Durupinar 112
dynasty 53, 65, 87, 119, 138, 139, 141, 150, 156, 204, 262, 264, 266, 283, 288
dynasty, Omride 174, 179
E
Early Bronze 1 127Early Bronze 2 264
Early Bronze 3 127, 129, 264, 282
Early Bronze 4 127, 128, 264
Early Bronze Age (EBA) 72, 262, 264, 282, 290
earthquake 247, 248, 249, 251, 279, 280, 281
Ebla tablets 84, 107, 124, 125, 210, 282
ecclesiastical 238
eclipse 49, 50
Eden, garden of 238
Edersheim, Alfred 192
edicts 230
Edom 177, 178
Edomite 92, 176, 177, 178, 186
Egypt 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 69, 70, 75, 82, 93, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111, 116, 121, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 156, 157, 178, 187, 199, 231, 262, 266, 274, 282, 283, 288, 289
Egypt Exploration Society 101
Egyptian Execration Texts 135, 288
Egyptian Hieratic 287
Egyptian Museum, Berlin 141
Egyptian priest 62
Egyptian slavery 64
Egyptologist 67
Egyptology 41, 46, 139, 141
Ekron 71
Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription 159
El Arish Stele 140
El-Amarna Tablets 135
Elamite 39, 118, 287
El-Bireh 154
elders 213, 216, 217
Eleazar 189, 202
Elephantine Papyri 161
Elgin Marbles 37, 38
el-Marwani Mosque 180
Emperor 194, 212, 227, 231, 233, 234, 243, 248, 277
Emperor worship 229, 243
En Freshkha 189
Enki 118
Enlil 118
Enoch 101, 108, 109, 271, 274, 291
Enuma Elish 39, 107, 108, 116
Ephesus 73, 211, 224, 225, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 267, 268, 270, 271, 275, 276
Ephesus, theater 223
Ephesus, tree-shrine 237, 238
Ephraim 72, 196
epigraphy 56, 287
Epiphanius 198, 225
Erastus 185, 218, 219, 220
Eridu Genesis 107, 108, 114
Eridu, city of 110
Esarhaddon Chronicle 160
eschatological 271
eṣ-Ṣafi 60, 127, 167, 168
eṣ-Ṣafi, Jordan 126, 132
Essene(s) 88, 183, 184, 189, 190, 191, 192, 247, 279, 288
Esther 88
Ethiopic 83
ethnobotany 56
et-Tell 69, 70, 122, 137, 153, 154, 155
Eucharist 274
Eusebius 35, 194, 224, 225, 226, 227, 274, 290
excavation 35, 40, 42, 55, 56, 59, 67, 69, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 84, 85, 118, 131, 145, 149, 150, 151, 168, 169, 171, 177, 194, 209, 237, 291
excavation specialists 55
exegesis 59, 89
Exile 96, 262
Exodus, the 54, 68, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 143, 146, 150, 156, 157, 262, 282, 283
Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain 60
Ezra 85, 96, 101, 206
F
Fabian 231Famine Stele 107
Faynan 177
Feast of Tabernacles 193
Felix 52, 267, 268
Fertile Crescent 288
Festus 52, 268
Field of Mars 232
Fifa 60, 128
Finkelstein, Israel 49, 61, 85, 146, 147, 164, 165, 166, 170, 171, 177, 179, 283
fire 124, 127, 148, 149, 152, 155, 173, 277, 281
First Temple Period 175, 288
Fischer, David H. 69
fish 118, 167, 220
flagstone 155, 288
Flandin, Eugene Napoleon 38, 159
flint 286, 288
flood, the 39, 57, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 114, 115, 116, 262
fortification 152
fortress 155, 165, 169, 171
four-roomed house 136, 138, 146, 162, 176
Freedman, David Noel 264, 282
fresco 288
fulgurite 132, 288
G
Gabriel's Revelation 204Gaius 215, 231
Galatia 267
Galatians 267
Galil, Gershon 85, 169, 170, 171, 172
Galilee 51, 173, 179, 187, 192, 193, 201, 286
Galilee, Sea of 122
Gallio 185, 208, 212, 214, 215, 216, 267
Garfinkel, Yosef 53, 85, 169, 170, 171, 173
garments 247, 251, 279, 281
Gath 167, 168, 170
Gaza 124, 145
Gebel Khashm et-Tarif 144, 145
Geisler, Norman L. 62, 264, 265, 266, 283
Gemara 90
gematria 288
genealogy 108, 110
Genesis 57, 85, 108, 109, 111, 114, 115, 116, 118, 121, 124, 129
Geniza Caves 190
genre 227
Gentile(s) 206, 207, 217, 270
geology 67, 76, 288, 290
German 35, 40, 54, 141, 142
Gezer 59, 68, 71, 86, 170, 175, 176, 179
Gezer tablet 85
Gibeon 71, 155
Gihon Spring 159, 166, 167, 196
Gilgamesh 39, 107, 108, 114, 115, 116
Gilgamesh, Epic of 114, 115
Givat HaMivtar heel bone 208
Giza 156
Glueck, Nelson 54, 57, 145, 177, 193, 245, 282, 283
Gnostic(s) 82, 104, 184, 198, 200, 245, 270, 272, 277, 288
Gnosticism 105
goats 108, 146
God Saviour, Theos Soter 243
God-fearing 217
Golan, Oded 159, 203, 204
gold 99, 119, 177, 222, 245, 281
Goliath 167, 168, 172
Gomorrah 84, 108, 121, 124, 125, 126, 129, 136, 193, 282
Görg, Manfred 141, 142, 143
Gospel of Judas 198, 199, 200
Gospel of Thomas 104
Gospels 44, 52, 60, 82, 100, 101, 104, 105, 184, 206, 321
Goths 237
goupha 78
GPS 56
graben 288
grain 152
Great Death Pit 119
Greco-Roman 95, 103, 111, 184, 210, 212, 214, 226, 229, 266
Greece 200, 215, 225, 267
Greek 34, 36, 44, 46, 51, 62, 70, 82, 83, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 126, 183, 184, 185, 187, 195, 198, 199, 200, 203, 206, 207, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 224, 226, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 247, 248, 271, 274, 275, 276, 278, 280, 284, 287, 289, 291, 293
Gregorian calendar 50
Gregory of Nazianzus 228
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) 75, 113
guild 230, 231, 243, 244, 270, 277, 278
Gyarus 225
gymnasium 245
H
Hammat-Gader 195Hammurabi 84, 107, 110, 156
handpick 78
Haran 92, 118
Hatshepsut, Queen 140
Hattem, Willem C. van 282
Hazael 158, 167
Hazor 59, 71, 73, 77, 135, 147, 148, 156, 164, 170, 179
head 64, 118
healing 250
Hebrew 62, 65, 73, 83, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 101, 112, 114, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 126, 145, 148, 162, 168, 193, 196, 203, 205, 206, 287, 288, 291, 292
Hebrew, archaic biblical 86
Hebron 71, 134, 169
Heidelberg 202
Hellenism 88, 92, 93, 200, 201, 226, 263, 272
Hellenistic 62, 73, 101, 132, 209, 226, 265
Hemer, Colin J. 209, 214, 228, 231, 242, 243, 244, 247, 248, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281
Hendel, Ronald S. 61, 62, 136
Herculaneum 35, 36
heresy 235
hermeneutics 58
Herod Agrippa I 52
Herod Antipas 51, 186, 187, 192, 193
Herod the Great 44, 49, 50, 58, 184, 186, 187, 188, 208, 288
Herod the Great Ostraca 208
Herod’s tomb 187
Herodian 288
Herodias 51
Herodium 187, 188
Herodotus 35, 99, 117, 200
Heshbon 54, 193, 194, 195, 196
Hezekiah bulla(e) 159
Hezekiah, king 63, 65, 159, 196, 198
Hezekiah’s tunnel 196
Hierapolis 211, 223, 250, 251, 281
hieroglyph(s) 36, 37, 83, 137, 139, 142, 143, 161, 287, 288
Hieronymus 113
high priest 183, 186, 274, 280
history, moments in 231, 232, 234
Hittite(s) 57, 107, 121, 282, 287
hoard 288
Hoerth, Alfred J. 34, 35, 39, 43, 55, 57, 58, 63, 67, 80, 283
Hoffmeier, James K. 34, 49, 54, 55, 59, 63, 68, 69, 71, 136, 140, 141, 143, 144, 148, 162, 169, 283
Hogarth, D. G. 237
Holden, Joseph M. 62, 264, 283
Homer 70, 71
Homer, Iliad 70, 71, 72, 235
honey 98, 191
hot springs 194, 250, 281
House of Yahweh Ostracon 160
household gods 120
Hurrian 84
Hyksos 138, 139, 140, 146, 155, 156, 283, 288
I
I am that I am 141Iconium 209, 210
idolatry 244, 277
Idumaean 186
Ignatius of Antioch 248
Iliad 70, 71, 72
Immer 180, 181
immersion 190
immorality 235, 244, 245, 274, 277
imperial cult 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237, 239, 241, 242, 244, 249, 272, 274, 275, 276, 278, 280
imprisoned 192, 268
in situ 71, 78, 166, 171, 181, 289
Incirli stele 158
inkhorn 96
inkwells 98
inscription(s) 37, 39, 43, 51, 56, 58, 59, 67, 68, 71, 78, 83, 85, 95, 98, 119, 141, 143, 156, 162, 163, 166, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 181, 184, 186, 187, 192, 195, 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 227, 228, 238, 244, 272, 278, 280, 286, 290, 291, 292
inscription, Erastus 218
inscription, Gallio 216
inscription, Miletus 217
inscription, Sergius Paulus 213
inspiration 106, 289
Intermediate Bronze Age (IBA) 262, 264, 282
Ionia 239, 241
Ionic captial 287
Ipuwer papyrus 135, 140
Iran 112, 113, 116, 118, 288
Iraq 38, 60, 110, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 124
Iraq National Museum 119
Irenaeus of Lyons 101, 198, 199, 225, 270
Iron Age 43, 44, 46, 47, 52, 53, 55, 62, 71, 72, 76, 77, 85, 108, 130, 146, 147, 151, 152, 154, 158, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 262, 284, 290
Iron Age 1 72, 265
Iron Age 2 44, 72, 162, 179, 262
Iron Age 3 44
Isaac 65, 84, 114, 120, 290
Isaiah Scroll 89, 94
Ishmael 120
Islam 60, 180, 293
Israel 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 47, 53, 56, 58, 61, 69, 70, 76, 85, 86, 95, 99, 100, 124, 126, 136, 137, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 154, 156, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 185, 188, 189, 201, 205, 220, 264, 272, 278, 283
Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) 75, 167, 171, 185, 203
Israeli 76, 77, 85, 121, 143, 187, 203, 204, 218, 220, 263
Israelite(s) 61, 64, 70, 85, 95, 111, 136, 137, 141, 144, 146, 147, 154, 158, 164, 166, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 180
Izbet Sartah abecedary 174, 175
J
Jacob 84, 120, 137, 139, 203, 290Jacobovici, Simcha 201
Jacobson, Thorkild 109
Jacobus 203
James 203, 204, 224, 267, 268, 275, 276
Jamnia, Council of 249
Jebel Magharah 144
Jebel Musa 144, 145
Jebel Sin Bisher 144
Jebel Usdum 126
Jehoash Inscription 159
Jehoiachin Ration Record 160
Jehoiakim, king 166
Jehoram 158, 179
Jehu 158, 174, 179
Jerash 73, 195
Jeremiah 95, 160, 166, 170, 180, 181
Jericho 59, 72, 75, 78, 80, 81, 85, 111, 121, 126, 137, 141, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 186, 190, 194, 284
Jeroboam 65, 158, 159
Jerome 86, 225, 290, 293
Jerusalem 40, 44, 54, 61, 66, 71, 72, 73, 76, 85, 86, 90, 93, 99, 121, 122, 126, 135, 147, 148, 149, 154, 156, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 171, 173, 174, 175, 178, 179, 180, 181, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 201, 203, 206,207, 208, 217, 220, 224, 231, 267, 268, 275, 276, 282, 291
Jerusalem, destruction of 291
Jeselsohn stone 204
Jesus 44, 46, 50, 51, 55, 57, 58, 60, 66, 88, 90, 92, 93, 94, 99, 102, 104, 124, 183, 184, 185, 187, 192, 193, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206, 208, 209, 212, 220, 221, 224, 226, 228, 235, 250, 275, 276
Jesus, birth 50
Jevel al-Lawz 144, 145
jewelry 119, 167
Jewish 44, 50, 51, 60, 61, 62, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 100, 101, 132, 144, 184, 186, 189, 190, 191, 193, 197, 198, 201, 202, 204, 206, 209, 212, 217, 229, 230, 239, 248, 249, 268, 271, 272, 274, 284, 288, 290, 291, 292, 295
Jewish Temple 189
Jews 34, 45, 49, 85, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93, 201, 205, 208, 215, 217, 229, 230, 240, 250, 267, 270, 272, 281, 289, 292
Jezebel 235, 244, 245, 277, 278
John the Baptist 192
John, Monastery of St. 227
John, the Apostle 186, 209, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 233, 235, 239, 242, 244, 247, 249, 250, 251, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281
John, the Baptist 191, 192
Jordan 39, 47, 53, 60, 73, 75, 90, 121, 122, 123, 126, 128, 129, 130, 132, 148, 176, 177, 178, 186, 193, 194, 205, 221, 286, 289, 292
Jordan River 72, 122
Jordan Valley 72, 90, 121, 122, 130, 282
Joseph 65, 69, 70, 120, 139, 153, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205
Josephus 34, 35, 49, 50, 51, 52, 93, 96, 101, 117, 121, 186, 187, 190, 192, 196, 200, 207, 208, 241, 288, 291
Joshua 61, 62, 64, 69, 70, 73, 122, 135, 136, 137, 141, 145, 146, 148, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156
Judaea Capta 189, 208
Judah 43, 44, 47, 50, 64, 90, 124, 146, 158, 159, 161, 163, 166, 167, 169, 170, 175, 177, 179, 180, 202, 203, 289
Judahite 169, 170, 171, 177
Judaism 190, 207, 234, 241, 272
Judaizers 248
Judas Iscariot 199
Jude 202
Judea 52, 186, 189, 267, 268
Judean Desert 189
Judges 262
judgment 114, 121
K
Kadesh Barnea 144, 145Karnak 135, 158
Karnak Temple 135
Kenyon, Kathleen 71, 73, 75, 80, 103, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 165, 173, 264, 282, 291
Kerak, Wadi 127
Ketef Hinnom Silver Amulets 160
Khirbet el-Maqatir 70, 122, 154, 155, 196
Khirbet en-Nahas 178
Khirbet Hamra Ifdan 178
Khirbet Kafrayn 130
Khirbet Khanazir 60, 127, 128
Khirbet Nisya 122, 154
Khirbet Qeiyafa 68, 85, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176
Khirbet Qumran 189
Khirbet Sweimeh 130
khirbet(s) 42, 73, 189, 289, 292
Khorsabad 38
Kidron Valley 185
kikkār 121, 122, 123, 126, 130, 131, 134
King’s Highway 75
Kinneret 179, 183
Kitchen, Kenneth A. 46, 47, 62, 63, 65, 69, 70, 120, 123, 129, 136, 138, 140, 141, 162, 178, 266, 283
Kitchener, Horatio Herbert 40
klinker 131, 289
Koine Greek 36, 92, 183, 289
krater 289
Kurkh stele Monolith 158
L
Lachish 39, 87, 99, 159, 160, 180Lachish Letters 87, 160
Lachish Reliefs 39, 159
Lachish Step inscription 87
lamb 274
Lamech 109
Lampe, Peter 202, 203
lampstand 238, 270
Laodicea 210, 211, 224, 228, 235, 247, 249, 250, 251, 275, 276, 281
Lapp, Paul 43, 126, 127, 282
Large Stone Structure 164, 165
Late Bronze Age (LBA) 53, 69, 70, 72, 81, 83, 130, 135, 137, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 153, 155, 169, 178, 262, 286
Late Bronze gap 130, 145
Latin 77, 83, 93, 98, 99, 100, 101, 106, 184, 194, 201, 206, 213, 218, 219, 220, 221, 225, 231, 232, 234, 237, 241, 243, 274, 278, 286, 293
lava 112, 131
Lawrence, T. E. 54
Layard, Austin Henry 38, 107, 158, 159
Lazarus 58
leather 89, 98, 100, 104, 199, 205
legend 64
Lemaire, André 203
Leningrad Codex 88
Letter of Aristeas 93
Levant 46, 47, 48, 53, 138, 139, 145, 150, 156, 164, 165, 192, 195, 196, 262, 264, 288, 289
Levites 96
Libby, Willard F. 48, 49
libellus 231, 234
lightning 132, 288
Lisan 126, 289
literal 36
Livia Drusilla 194
Livias 192, 193, 194, 195, 196
lmlk 63
local reference 228, 239, 240, 242, 243, 269
locus 71, 77, 78, 155, 165, 289, 290, 291
locust 191
Loftus, W. K. 118
looting 59, 60, 137
Lot 121, 122, 282
Louvre 35, 38, 84, 195
Lubbock, John 52
Lucian 241, 247
Luke 50, 51, 52, 186, 187, 192, 193, 200, 209, 212, 214, 215, 252
lukewarm 228, 235, 250, 251, 281
Luxor 82, 103
Lydia 243, 245, 277
Lynch, William F. 289
Lysanias Inscription 183
Lystra 209, 210
M
Top
Maccabees 101, 241, 263, 274Macedonia 209, 211, 214, 267, 268
Machaerus 190, 192
Macrobius 187
Madaba 132, 195
Madaba Map 132, 194, 196, 223
Maeir, Aren 167, 168, 171
Magdalen Papyrus 82, 102, 103, 104
Magi 49
malediction 252
Malta 268
Malthace 186
Mamertine Prison 208
Manasseh 65
Manetho 35, 46, 62, 266
manna 274, 275, 276
Manual of Discipline 1QS 190
manuscript(s) 56, 62, 83, 88, 91, 92, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 184, 186, 190, 218, 227, 287, 293
Marcion 104
Marduk 62, 117
Mari tablets 65, 84, 85, 107, 282, 283
Mariame 203
Mariette, Auguste 40
Marshalltown 78
Martha 202, 203
Martin Bodmer Papyri 82
Martyrdom of Polycarp 230, 241, 248
Mary 202, 203, 227
Masada 56, 99, 152, 184, 190
Masoretic text 88, 89, 289
Masorites 91
mastaba 116, 289
Matthew 186, 202, 203
Matthiae, Paolo 84, 107, 125
maximalist 60, 61, 63, 64, 289
Mazar, Amihai 34, 164, 167, 173, 174, 179, 283, 284
Mazar, Benjamin 76, 208
Mazar, Eilat 164
McRay, John 33, 34, 35, 39, 43, 51, 55, 63, 67, 190, 209, 210, 211, 214, 218, 283
Mediterranean 200, 217, 224, 238
Megiddo 49, 59, 65, 150, 179, 219, 220, 221
Menahem 65
Menkaure, pharaoh 156
Merenptah Battle Reliefs 135
Merenptah Stele 135, 141, 142, 143
Merenptah, Pharaoh 135, 142, 143, 144
Merrill, Eugene 282
Mesha Stele 158, 163, 179
Mesopotamia 38, 39, 57, 75, 84, 110, 114, 119, 120, 125, 179, 288, 293
Messiah 191, 205, 206, 229, 274
Messianic 205, 243
metallurgist 67
Methuselah 109
metric system 75
Michigan Papyri 231
microletters 51
Middle Bronze 1 264, 282
Middle Bronze 2A 264, 282
Middle Bronze 2B 130, 264
Middle Bronze Age (MBA) 59, 69, 70, 72, 78, 107, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 138, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 155, 193, 196, 262, 264, 282, 283, 286
Middle East 33, 34, 35, 46, 56, 74, 150, 171, 286
Middle Kingdom 139, 266
Midrash 91
Migdol 68
mikveh 189, 190, 191, 197, 208, 289
Miletus 216, 217, 225, 226
military 40, 51, 64, 80, 81, 96, 114, 148, 155, 178, 179, 229, 264, 292
Millard, Alan R. 34, 49, 55, 63, 68, 69, 71, 85, 86, 87, 95, 97, 98, 99, 114, 116, 120, 123, 136, 162, 170, 172, 173, 283
Millo 164, 165
mines, Solomon’s 177
minimalist 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 136, 162, 169, 170, 177, 289
minuscule 100
miracles 60, 64, 208
Mishnah 90, 91, 191, 289, 292
Mishnaic 90, 91, 94, 263, 292
missionary journey 212, 216, 237, 267
Moabite 83, 87, 92, 158, 163, 171
monarchy 262
monolith 290
monolithic stele 205
monotheism 290
monument 38, 39, 40, 60, 185
morning Star 245
Mosaic law 96
mosaic(s) 56, 132, 196, 218, 290, 292
Moses 58, 61, 62, 64, 65, 70, 91, 92, 108, 109, 120, 135, 144, 145, 146, 235, 276, 290
Moses, Assumption of 101
Mosul 39
Mount Ararat 112, 113, 114, 116
Mount Cudi 112
Mount Horeb 144, 145
Mount Nebo 72, 134, 146, 195
Mount of Olives 203
Mount of Sodom 126
Mount Pisgah 146
Mount Scopus 180
Mount Sinai 144, 145, 274
Mount Tmolus 245, 248
mudbrick(s) 136, 138, 149, 169, 291
Munsell soil kit 78
Muslim(s) 45
Mysia 241, 243, 272
myth 34, 66, 70, 71, 108, 136, 186, 229, 252
N
Nabatean 51, 54, 126, 186Nabonidus 35, 160, 161
Nabonidus Chronicle 160
Nabonidus Cylinder 160
Nabopolassar 117, 160
Nag Hammadi 82, 100, 104, 105, 184, 198, 200
nakedness 251, 281
Nanna 117, 119
Napoleon Bonaparte 36
Naqa 60
narrative 64, 132
National Geographic Society 199
nativity 50
Nazareth 202
Neapolis 211
Nebuchadnezzar 117, 160
Nebuchadnezzar’s Brick 160
necropolis 203, 279
Negev 54, 144, 178, 218, 282, 283
Neocaesareia 248
Neolithic 43, 53, 262, 264, 290
Nero 185, 215, 221, 224, 225, 267, 288
Nero, sestertius coin 230
Nerva 225
Neta’im 169
Netzer, Ehud 56, 99, 187, 188, 208
neutrality 34, 60, 66
New Testament 33, 51, 52, 83, 105, 186, 191, 192, 202, 203, 204, 206, 215, 216, 217, 218, 224, 226, 229, 247, 251, 273, 274, 275, 276, 279, 281
Newcombe, Stewart 54
Nicholas of Damascus 113
Nicolaitans 235, 270, 271, 276
Nicopolis 212
night diggers 60
Nile Delta 137, 138
Nile River 38, 100, 122, 290
Nimrud 99
Nineveh 38, 114, 124
ninth century BC 96, 164, 165, 167, 168, 177
Nippur 110
Noah 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118
Noah’s Ark 112
nomadic 137, 146, 147, 177, 286
Northern Kingdom 174, 179
Northern Sodom Theory (NST) 123, 126, 132, 224
Numeira (Numayra) 60, 127, 128, 129
numismatics 56, 228, 290
Nuzi tablets 107, 119, 120, 282, 283, 284
O
oath 287obelisk 290
obsidian (volcanic glass) 132, 290
obsidian hydration 49, 78
Occam’s Razor 68
Odes of Solomon 241, 274
Odyssey 70, 71
oil lamp 176, 195, 196
Old Testament 227, 235, 238, 252, 271, 274
olive pits 171, 178
Onomasticon 290
Ophir 177
oracles 269
Origen of Alexandria 225, 226
orphan 172, 192
orthodox 288
orthography 143
Ortiz, Steven M. 55, 63, 159, 162
ossuary 201, 202, 203, 204, 290
Ossuary, James 203
ostracon(-ca) 85, 86, 87, 99, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 290
Ovid, Metamorphoses 235
Oxyrhynchus Papyri 100, 101, 102, 104, 183, 231
P
Palaeolithic 53palaeo-osteology 56
paleobotany 56
paleoethnobotany 290
paleography 88, 100, 143, 290
Paleo-Hebrew 85, 86, 90, 292
Palestine 34, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 52, 54, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 73, 75, 76, 85, 92, 94, 116, 127, 128, 135, 143, 147, 149, 150, 153, 170, 173, 175, 193, 264, 267, 272, 282, 283, 288, 289
Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) 40, 54, 165
Palestinian 90
palimpsest 100
palynology 290
paperwork 55, 56
Paphos 212, 213
papyrus(-ri) 82, 89, 90, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 135, 139, 140, 183, 184, 189, 199, 205, 290
parables 235
paradise 238, 270
paraenesis 235
parchment(s) 90, 98, 99, 100, 106, 290
Parrot, André 65, 84, 107
Parthenon 37, 38, 185
Passover 49, 50, 193, 267, 268
pastiche 78
pastoral nomads 127
Patara 217
Patmos 211, 224, 225, 226, 227, 239, 247, 273, 277, 279, 280
patriarch(s) 54, 61, 70, 84, 107, 108, 111, 120, 123, 134, 136, 137, 282, 283, 284, 290
Paul, the apostle 51, 52, 96, 104, 127, 207, 208, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 236, 238, 239, 243, 267, 268
Pausanias 237
Pentapolis 121, 122, 124, 126, 133, 134
Pentateuch 290
Pentecost 50, 268
Perea 51, 187, 193
Perga 210
Pergamum (Pergamos) 100, 211, 223, 224, 232, 239, 241, 242, 243, 248, 274, 275, 276, 290
Pergamum Museum 242
persecution 215, 217, 224, 229, 231, 234, 235, 239, 240, 270
Persepolis Relief 161
Persian 39, 62, 65, 87, 92, 97, 98, 154, 158, 161, 171, 176, 245, 262, 265, 284
Persian Period 266
Peter 208, 267
Peter’s House 208
Petra 51, 186
Petrie, William Matthew Flinders 40, 41, 42, 43, 135
Pharaoh 44, 46, 116, 120, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 156, 173, 178, 264
Phasaelis 51
Philadelphia 119, 211, 224, 230, 235, 248, 249, 251, 280
Philippi 185, 211, 243, 268
Philistia 168, 169
Philistine 81, 85, 146, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171
Philo the Cyrene 203
Philostratus 241, 242, 245
Phoenician 83, 86, 92, 135, 166, 171, 175, 176, 287
photography 67, 75, 76, 80
Phrygian eye salve 251
pick 78
pig bones 146, 170
pigs 108, 146, 170, 187
Pilate, Pontius 50, 58, 102, 183, 184
pilgrim flask 176, 290
pilgrimage 127
pillar 237, 249, 280
pillar of salt 122
Pionius 230, 239, 240
Pi-Ramesses 138
Pisidia 241
Pithom 138
pithos 146, 166, 290
Plato 34, 100
Pliny the Elder 212, 227, 242, 247, 248
Pliny the Younger 230, 234
plumb line 78
Plutarch 274
Politarch(s) 211, 214
Pollen 290
Polybius 248
Polycarp 230, 239, 248, 272
polygamy 108
polytheism 230, 274, 276
Pomegranate Inscription 159
Pompeii 35, 36
Pompeii graffiti 223
Pool of Bethesda 208
Pool of Siloam 66, 86, 159, 196, 197, 198
Pope 222
potassium-argon 49, 78
potsherd(s) 55, 85, 173, 290
pottery 35, 42, 43, 55, 56, 67, 72, 75, 77, 78, 80, 99, 130, 131, 132, 146, 150, 151, 155, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 174, 176, 179, 180, 189, 197, 198, 243, 277, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292
pottery washing 78
pottery, Roman 77
poverty 231, 251
presupposition 60, 66
Price, J. Randall 264, 265, 266, 282, 283
priests 233, 241, 249
Priscilla 237
Proconsul 52, 213, 214, 215
progressive revelation 106
Promised Land 145
propaganda 62
prophet(s) 58, 100, 277, 291
Protestant Church 101
Proto-Canaanite 83, 166, 168
Pseudepigrapha 100, 291
Ptolemy II 93
Puabi 119
publish 59
Puech, Émile 104, 170, 172, 186
pyramid 116, 289, 293
pyramid of Giza 156
Q
Q or Quelle 213, 291Queen of Sheba 177
Quirinius 184
Qumran 78, 88, 90, 91, 96, 98, 100, 101, 103, 184, 189, 190, 191, 192, 288, 291, 292
R
Rabbah 291Rachel 92, 120
radiocarbon dating 46, 47, 48, 49, 56, 78, 88, 113, 128, 165, 171, 178, 199, 222
ram 119
Rameses (Avaris) 137
Ramesses II 38, 138, 140, 143
Ramsay, William 185, 209, 210, 213, 228, 229, 241, 242, 243, 244, 248, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 281
Ras Shamra 292
Ras Shamra Tablets 114, 135
Rassam, Hormuzd 107, 160, 161
Rast, Walter E. 124, 127, 128, 129, 282
Rawlinson, Henry Creswicke 39, 118, 159, 161
Reich, Ronny 166, 167, 197, 198
reliability 209, 230
resurrection 58, 96, 104, 111, 202, 206, 272
Revelation, book of 224
revetment 149, 291
revisionist 61, 64
Rhodes 88, 100, 217
Rich, Claudius James 39, 160
righteousness 251
Ritmeyer, Leen 207
Robinson, Edward 40, 159
Robinson’s Arch 205
Rohl, David M. 46, 47, 139, 266
Roma 230, 231, 239
Roman citizen 231
Roman emperor 231
Roman law 227, 230
Roman period 53
Roman road 193
Roman Senate 231
Roman(s) 43, 44, 46, 50, 51, 53, 78, 88, 90, 101, 152, 185, 186, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 200, 201, 203, 205, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 221, 225, 227, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 239, 243, 245, 250, 263, 265, 267, 268, 273, 274, 277,281, 286
Rome 34, 43, 49, 73, 82, 84, 91, 111, 114, 149, 151, 152, 197, 200, 212, 213, 218, 221, 222, 225, 231, 232, 236, 239, 248, 267, 268, 272, 287, 292
Romulus and Remus 232
Rosetta Stone 36, 37, 39, 161, 287
Royal Steward Inscription 159
royal tombs 118, 119
Rylands Papyrus 82, 102, 103
S
Sabbath 90, 230Sackler Library, Oxford 101
sacred groves 238, 270
sacrifice(s) 115, 116, 230, 231, 233
Sadducees 96, 189
Salamis 212, 225
salt curse 123
Salt, Henry 38
Samaria 154, 159, 161, 179, 351
Samaritan 186
Samothrace 211
Samuel 118
Sanhedrin 96, 291
Sanhedrin, Mishnah tractate 201
Saqqara 116
sarcophagus 139, 187, 188, 221, 222, 291
Sardis 211, 224, 235, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 273, 279
Sargon II 38, 99, 159
Sarsekim Tablet 160
Satan or Devil 240, 245, 249, 275, 276, 277
Satan’s Throne 242, 275, 276
satellite 75, 112, 137
Saulcy, R. de 40, 125
Sayce, Archibald H. 57
scarab 146, 153, 155, 171, 177, 178, 291
Schaub, R. Thomas 127, 128, 129, 132, 282
Schliemann, Heinrich 71, 72
scribe 95, 96, 98, 190
scriptorium 98, 189, 291
Scripture(s) 201, 289
scroll(s) 89, 90, 93, 100, 189, 228
seal 63, 64, 78, 86, 166, 167, 180
Sebastoi 232, 233
Second Jewish Revolt 88
second millennium 46, 47, 65, 84, 136, 143
Second Temple Period 196, 198, 201, 208, 291
Secundus 234
seeds 56, 78
Seetzen, Ulrich 40
Seleusid 245
Semite 138, 142, 288
Semitic 83, 84, 86, 92, 111, 142, 143, 166, 168, 171, 180, 203, 287, 292
Sennacherib 179, 180
Sennacherib Prism 159
Sepphoris 192
Septuagint (LXX) 62, 82, 89, 92, 93, 94, 108, 286, 289, 291
Sergius Paulus 52, 184, 212, 213, 214
serpent 243, 275, 276
Seters, John Van 61, 70, 136, 164, 284
Seti, pharaoh 135, 140, 141
Severus Alexander 220
Severus, Sulpicius 242, 274
sexagesimal 110
shaft tomb(s) 60, 127, 128, 146, 291
Shalmaneser 39, 158, 179
Shanks, Hershel 55, 61, 71, 85, 124, 140, 142, 143, 171, 185, 188, 197, 198, 203, 204, 282
Shebna 159
Shechem 179
shekel(s) 65
Shem 83
Shema 65, 159
Shepherd of Hermas xxiv, 101, 105, 247
Similitude 247
Vision 247
sherd (shard) 56, 70, 72, 78, 131, 145, 168, 176, 287, 291
Sheshonq 162, 178
Shiloh 71
Shishak 44, 158, 173, 178
Shoshenq 173
shroud of Turin 200
Shukron, Eli 160, 166, 167, 197, 198
Sibyl Sambathe 244
Sibylline Oracles 101, 274, 277
Side of Pamphylia 210
Sidon 124
siege 152
sigmoid curve 109, 110
Siloam Inscription 85, 86, 159
Silver Bowl of Artaxerxes I 161
Simeon 186, 202
Simon 54, 68, 200, 203, 204, 205, 226
Sinai 54, 68, 144, 145
Sinai Peninsula 105, 144
Sisterhood 120
skin-diver 67
slave 65, 120
Sloane, Hans 35
Smith, Eli 40
Smith, George E. 57
Smyrna 211, 224, 230, 232, 235, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 245, 246, 248, 249, 270, 272, 273, 274
Society of Antiquities 35
Society of Biblical Archaeology 57
Sodom 53, 54, 56, 59, 68, 71, 72, 84, 108, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 145, 146, 193, 282, 283
Sodom, destruction of 131
soil 56, 76, 77, 78, 180, 245, 249, 288, 289, 292
soldiers 246
Solomon, King 49, 57, 61, 64, 136, 159, 160, 162, 164, 165, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 198, 288
Solomon’s Stables 180
Son of God 277
soreg barrier 205, 206
Southern Sodom Theory - SST 282
Spain 268
Sparks, Brad C. 139
Speos Artemidos Inscription 140
Sphinx 156
square supervisor 55, 78
square, archaeological 43, 55, 56, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 150, 286, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292
squeeze 186, 291
St. Anne, Chapel of 227
St. Catherine Monastery 105
St. Philip’s Martyrium 223
stadium 230
Statius, Silvae 277
stele (stela) 107, 135, 140, 141, 162, 292
Stepped Stone Structure 164, 165
Stoa 292
Stone Age 52, 290
storage jars 152
Strabo 236, 238, 243, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 280
strata 42, 43, 65, 67, 70, 80, 136, 151, 165, 173, 180, 286, 289, 290, 292
stratification 292
stratigraphy 35, 41, 42, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 180, 290
Stripling, Scott 132, 154, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196
stylus 97, 98, 287
submarine 126
Succoth 122
Suetonius 52, 234
Suez Canal 54
suffering 205, 224, 225, 235, 239, 245, 249, 272
Sumer 110, 116, 262
Sumerian 83, 84, 85, 108, 110, 111, 114, 117, 118, 287
Sumerian King List 107, 109, 110, 111
surface survey 72, 75, 169
survey, archaeological 59, 75
Symmachus 94
synagogue 215, 217, 230, 248, 249, 272
synagogue of Satan 230, 240, 249, 272
synagogue, Beth Alpha 245
synagogue, Capernaum 249
Syria 39, 65, 84, 92, 107, 128, 145, 173, 209, 210, 267, 288, 289
Syriac 83, 101, 225
Syro-Canaanite 286
Syro-Palestinian 34, 138
T
Taanack 179tablets 37, 39, 56, 57, 59, 65, 84, 85, 99, 108, 119, 120, 124
tablets, wax 98
Tacitus 50, 225, 227, 232, 239, 247, 248, 251
Takht-e Soleyman (Throne of Solomon) 112
Tale of Two Brothers papyrus 135, 140
Tall Bleibel 130
Tall eahl es-Sarabet 130
Tall el-Azeimeh 130
Tall el-Hammam 56, 59, 72, 73, 78, 130, 131, 132, 145, 176, 193, 194, 195, 283, 292
Tall el-Ḥammâm 130, 286
Tall el-Mustah 130
Tall er-Ramêh 130, 193, 194
Tall Ghannam 130
Tall Ghrubba 130
Tall Iktanu 130
Tall Kefrein (al-Kafrayn) 130
Tall Mwais 131
Tall Nimrin 130
Tall Umayri 136
Talmud 90, 290, 292
Talpiot Tomb 201, 202, 203
tape measure 78
Tappy, Ron E. 68, 175
Targum 91, 92, 292
Tarsus 210, 267
Taylor Prism 159
technology 93, 108, 116
Tel Dan 71, 73, 87, 135, 158, 179, 292
Tel Dan stele 87, 158, 162, 179
Tel Reḥōv 173, 174, 179
Tel Tsaf 53
Tel Zayit abecedary 68, 87, 174, 175, 176
Tell Beit Mirsim 43, 170, 180
Tell Deir ‘Alla 122
Tell Deir ‘Alla Inscription 158
Tell el-Dabʿa 137, 138
Tell el-Farʿah 179
Tell el-Maskhuta 138
Tell en-Nasbeh 170
Tell eṣ-Ṣafi 167
Tell es-Saidiyeh 122
Tell es-Sulṭân 148, 151
Tell Hariri (Mari) 84
Tell Mardikh (Ebla) 84, 124
Tell Muqqayyar (Ur) 118
Tell or Tall, definition 73
Tempest Stela 140
Temple 101, 118, 140, 156, 159, 162, 164, 165, 166, 180, 181, 185, 186, 197, 206, 207, 208, 215, 227, 233, 236, 237, 239, 249
temple altars 274
temple balustrade or soreg 207
temple court 207
Temple Mount 181, 206, 207
Temple Mount Salvage Operation 180, 195
Temple Mount Sifting Project 180
Temple of Artemis 223
Temple of Augustus 242, 274
Temple of Pergamum 243
Temple of Roma 239
Temple of Sebastoi 232
Temple of Trajan 240
Temple of Zeus 242
temple warden, neokoros 233, 234, 237
temple(s) 233, 237, 241, 242, 243, 248, 249, 275, 276, 280
Temple, destruction 44, 90, 207
Ten Commandments 96, 144
tenth century BC 162, 165, 166, 169, 171, 175, 181
tephrachronology 49
Tepper, Yotam 220
Terah 92, 118
teraphim 120, 121
terracotta 43, 167, 250, 251, 281, 292
Tertullian 226
tessera 292
Testament of Judah 245
Testament of Levi 245, 271, 274
Testimonia 89
Tetradrachm coin of Smyrna 239
tetragrammaton 89, 90, 292
Tetrarch 187, 292
textiles 245, 247, 250, 251
textual criticism 105
Textus Receptus 89, 106
Thebes 138
Theodoret 199
Theodosius 194
Theodotus inscription 206
theology 215
Thera 49, 140
thermae 195
thermal springs 194, 195
thermoluminescence dating 49
Thessalonica 211, 214
Thiele, Edwin R. 47, 53
third millennium BC 48, 107, 108
Thomsen, Christian Jürgensen 52
throne of Satan 231
Throne of Solomon 112
Thucydides 34, 295
Thutmosis III 145, 154
Thutmosis IV 139
Thyatira 211, 224, 230, 235, 243, 244, 245, 277
Tiberias, city of 91, 192
Tiberius, Emperor 51, 239, 247, 248
Tiglathpileser 158
Tigris River 38
Tischendorf, Constantine von 82, 105
Titus, Emperor 233, 234
tolerance 65, 66
Tomb of Jonah 60
tomb of Mereruka, Saqqara 95
tomb of Paul 221
tomb of Simeon 186
tomb of Zacharias 186
tomb(s) 37, 118, 119, 127, 135, 139, 142, 146, 151, 200, 201, 202, 203, 222
Tosefta 91
Total Station 56
Tower of Babel 116, 117, 118, 293
tradition 222, 225, 227, 235, 274
Trajan, Emperor 224, 225, 234, 242
trinitite 131, 132, 292
Troas 241, 268
Trophimus 217
trowel 77, 78
Troy 71, 72
Trumpeting Inscription 208
Tübingen school 224, 227, 277
Tulaylat al-Ghassul 130
Turks 54
Tutankhamun 53
Tyrannus Inscription 208
Tyre 217
U
Ugaritic 83, 85, 92, 287, 292Umayyad 195, 263, 292
uncial 82, 100, 105, 293
United Monarchy 55, 61, 109, 162, 163, 164, 167, 173, 174, 181
University of Chicago 44, 47, 48, 49, 87, 109
University of Pennsylvania 118
Ur 65, 68, 72, 92, 107, 108, 117, 118, 119, 262, 282
Urartu 112
Uspenski Gospels 100
Ussishkin, David 162
Ut-Napishtim 115, 116
V
Vassal Treaties 230vellum 99, 290, 293
Venus 245, 277
Verulamium 75
Vespasian 189, 233, 234, 248
Vespasian-Titus Inscription 208
Victorinus of Pettau 225
volcanic glass (obsidian) 132
volcano 49, 112, 113, 124, 131, 248, 286
volunteer 55, 56, 77, 180
votive 293
Vulgate 286
W
wadi 75, 293Waqf 180, 293
Warren, Charles 40
Warren’s Gate 206
weapon(s) 35, 56, 119, 167
Weld-Blundell Prism 107, 109
Westcott and Hort 106
Western Wall 205
wheelbarrow 78
Wheeler, Mortimer 75
Wheeler-Kenyon method 56, 75, 77
Wilderness of Zin Survey 54
Wilson, Charles William 40
Wilson’s Arch 206
Winckler, Hugo 57
Witherington, Ben 199, 202, 204, 206
Wood, Bryant G. 53, 129, 144, 145, 150, 154, 282
Wood, J. T. 237
Woolley, C. Leonard 54, 68, 107, 118, 119
Wright, G. Ernest 76
Wyatt, Ron 112
X
Xenophon 248Xerxes 98, 161
Y
Yadin, Yigael 56, 59, 76, 88, 91, 99, 126, 147, 156, 177, 203Yahweh and his wife 59
Yahweh, YHWH 59, 84, 89, 115, 141, 147, 160, 244, 278, 292
Yamauchi, Edwin M. 33, 44, 50, 51, 58, 59, 60, 63, 70, 71, 105, 137, 209, 239, 250
Yurco, Frank 135, 141, 142
Z
Zacharias 186Zarethan 122
Zealot 88
Zeboim 121
Zechariah 186
Zedekiah 166
Zeus 242, 272, 274, 275, 276, 277
Zeuxis 251
ziggurat 84, 117, 118, 293
Ziusudra 107
Ziusudra Epic 114, 116
Zoar 121, 126, 132, 134
zodiac 245
zooarchaeology 56
zoology 67, 76
Zuckerman, Sharon 156
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